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          <h2 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">【从零单排Golang】第二话：初探服务端CRUD，gin+gorm黄金搭档

              
            
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        <h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p><span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL3V0bWhpa2FyaS9nb2Zyb216ZXJv" title="https://github.com/utmhikari/gofromzero">Github传送门<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span></p>
<p>学一门新语言，如果太专注于语法，那肯定学的不够快。如果有一定的需求目标，带着这个目标去学习一门新语言，这样才能学得快。</p>
<p>工作中写后端的时间比例不在少数，而且传闻Go也因其适用于服务端而著名。在Go社区中最为火热的服务端框架跟数据库抽象ORM层当属<span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL2dpbi1nb25pYy9naW4=" title="https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin">gin<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span>跟<span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL2ppbnpodS9nb3Jt" title="https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm">gorm<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span>了，因此本期单排的目标便是用gin+gorm打一个简易的框架，实现基本CRUD的目标。走你~</p>
<h2 id="准备工作"><a href="#准备工作" class="headerlink" title="准备工作"></a>准备工作</h2><p>在<a href="https://utmhikari.github.io/2019/07/20/gofromzero/first_code/">第一话</a>中已经大致了解了Go项目的生成，故本次gin+gorm的搭建也以此为基础。</p>
<p>服务端领域的各种术语在不同的场景跟技术栈下有不同的含义。但总体来讲，一个简单的服务端App都会有以下的层次：</p>
<ul>
<li>校验层：预处理请求，校验请求是否合法（大小、字段、cors、oauth之类），并判断是否拦截。通常也被称作中间层middleware</li>
<li>控制层：处理合法请求的起点——收集整理相应服务模块的结果，判断请求是否合理，决定返回的数据，遵循宽进严出原则。一般叫做Controller，gin里面叫做handler。</li>
<li>业务层：处理真实的业务逻辑，通过和数据层以及各个业务模块的交互从而校验并构建业务数据，交由控制层决策，一般可称之为service</li>
<li>数据层：抽象持久化数据（数据库）到代码层面并提供一系列交互访问的方法，ORM与DAO层都算在内</li>
</ul>
<p>基于以上结构，大致构建了以下的目录结构：</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<ul>
<li>root<ul>
<li>database 数据层<ul>
<li>main.go 封装gorm</li>
<li>xxx.go 表xxx</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>handler 控制层<ul>
<li>base.go 封装基本返回方法</li>
<li>xxx.go 模块xxx控制器</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>service 业务层<ul>
<li>xxx 业务模块xxx（防止相互引用，用文件夹隔开）<ul>
<li>abc.go 模块xxx的abc业务</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>app.go 服务端app</li>
<li>router.go 服务端路由</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>本次demo没有弄校验层(router里设置各种middleware)，直接从handler开始干拉~</p>
<h2 id="gorm封装"><a href="#gorm封装" class="headerlink" title="gorm封装"></a>gorm封装</h2><p>gorm实现了不同数据库对Go对象的映射。gorm本身提供了默认的表Model（id、增删改时间），但实际还是建议自行封装一层，以增加可控性。</p>
<p>这里以mysql交互为例，实现了一个封装例子。</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// database/main.go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> database</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> DBModel <span class="keyword">struct</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    *gorm.Model</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// You can add your own model components here</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// DB database instance</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> DBInstance *gorm.DB</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// InitDB initialize DB</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">InitDB</span><span class="params">()</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    log.Println(<span class="string">"Initializing database..."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 从docker hub pull下来就好了= =</span></span><br><span class="line">    db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="string">"mysql"</span>, <span class="string">"root:123456@tcp(localhost:32773)/gofromzero?charset=utf8mb4&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">panic</span>(err)</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    DBInstance = db</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>假使我们创建一个User表，我们可以在另一个go文件内引用DBModel跟DBInstance，从而定义数据交互逻辑</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// database/user.go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> database</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// User表的结构</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> User <span class="keyword">struct</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    *DBModel</span><br><span class="line">    Name <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="string">`json:"name"`</span></span><br><span class="line">    Age <span class="keyword">uint</span> <span class="string">`json:"age"`</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> userDAO <span class="keyword">struct</span> &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// UserDAO user dao</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> UserDAO userDAO</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Create create a user record</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(*userDAO)</span> <span class="title">Create</span><span class="params">(user User)</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    DBInstance.AutoMigrate(&amp;User&#123;&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> DBInstance.Create(&amp;user).Error</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// First get the first record of user</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(*userDAO)</span> <span class="title">First</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="params">(User, error)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">var</span> user User</span><br><span class="line">    err := DBInstance.First(&amp;user).Error</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> user, err</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Update update user record</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(*userDAO)</span> <span class="title">Update</span><span class="params">(user User)</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> DBInstance.Model(&amp;User&#123;&#125;).Updates(&amp;user).Error</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Delete set all to delete state</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(*userDAO)</span> <span class="title">Delete</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> DBInstance.Delete(&amp;User&#123;&#125;).Error</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这样在外部要跟User表交互的话，直接用<code>UserDAO</code>就可以完成需求了</p>
<h2 id="gin服务搭建"><a href="#gin服务搭建" class="headerlink" title="gin服务搭建"></a>gin服务搭建</h2><p>有了对gorm的进一步封装，我们就不需过多担心数据获取的问题。现在我们可以关注gin的写法。</p>
<p>首先建议封装一些常用的返回方法，什么success、error之类，有助于减少码量。</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// handler/base.go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> handler</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Success</span><span class="params">(c *gin.Context, data <span class="keyword">interface</span>&#123;&#125;)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"data"</span>: data,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Error</span><span class="params">(c *gin.Context, err error, code <span class="keyword">int</span>)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    c.JSON(code, gin.H&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"err"</span>: err.Error(),</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>而后在user模块的handler下，实现控制器逻辑：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// handler/user.go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> handler</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> (</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"</span></span><br><span class="line">    service <span class="string">"github.com/gofromzero/ii/service/user"</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"net/http"</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> user <span class="keyword">struct</span>&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// User instance of user controller</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> User user</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Create create a user</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(*user)</span> <span class="title">Create</span><span class="params">(c *gin.Context)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">var</span> userForm service.Form</span><br><span class="line">    bindErr := c.ShouldBindJSON(&amp;userForm)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> bindErr != <span class="literal">nil</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Error(c, bindErr, http.StatusForbidden)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    createErr := service.Create(userForm)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> createErr != <span class="literal">nil</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Error(c, createErr, http.StatusBadRequest)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    Success(c, <span class="string">"Create user successfully!"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 下略，CRUD</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>我们可以看到我们通过一个文件夹定义了user业务层的模块。业务层代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// service/user/crud.go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> user</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Form <span class="keyword">struct</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    Name <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="string">`json:"name"`</span></span><br><span class="line">    Age <span class="keyword">uint</span> <span class="string">`json:"age"`</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Create create user on form</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Create</span><span class="params">(form Form)</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> database.UserDAO.Create(database.User&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Name: form.Name,</span><br><span class="line">        Age: form.Age,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// First get first user from database</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">First</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="params">(database.User, error)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> database.UserDAO.First()</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Update update user records</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Update</span><span class="params">(form Form)</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> database.UserDAO.Update(database.User&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Name: form.Name,</span><br><span class="line">        Age: form.Age,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Delete delete user records</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Delete</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> database.UserDAO.Delete()</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在这个demo中，业务层的代码看起来有点多余，基本是纯粹调用UserDAO的方法。但实际项目写大的话，其实还会涉及到和其它模块的交互。因此，这一层的独立是有必要的。</p>
<p>最后，在路由中调用<code>handler.User</code>，我们就能很轻松地注册user模块的控制器：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// router.go</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Router gin router</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">Router</span><span class="params">()</span> *<span class="title">gin</span>.<span class="title">Engine</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    log.Println(<span class="string">"Registering routers..."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    r := gin.Default()</span><br><span class="line">    api := r.Group(<span class="string">"/api"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    v1 := api.Group(<span class="string">"/v1"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        user := v1.Group(<span class="string">"/user"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            user.POST(<span class="string">""</span>, handler.User.Create)</span><br><span class="line">            user.GET(<span class="string">""</span>, handler.User.Get)</span><br><span class="line">            user.PUT(<span class="string">""</span>, handler.User.Update)</span><br><span class="line">            user.DELETE(<span class="string">""</span>, handler.User.Delete)</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> r</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>启动App实例：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// app.go</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// StartGin start gin server</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">StartGin</span><span class="params">()</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    database.InitDB()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">defer</span> database.CloseDB()</span><br><span class="line">    router := Router()</span><br><span class="line">    s := &amp;http.Server&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Addr:    <span class="string">":8080"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        Handler: router,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    err := s.ListenAndServe()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">panic</span>(err)</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>试试看吧~</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>Go在整体印象上真的很严格，甚至比Java还严格。这part的代码写起来真心不如JS轻松，但通过这些换来代码健壮性与服务性能增益，是很值得的。</p>
<p>这次项目架构的设计也仅是抛砖引玉，对gorm以及gin还没有更加深入的探究。以后可得加油~</p>

      
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